Contemporary Social Work Theory and Issues Essay

Assignment Title To what extent can social work be adequately conceptually understood in terms of a position at the interface between social exclusion and social inclusion? To what extent can social work be adequately conceptually understood in terms of a position at the interface between social exclusion and social inclusion? According to the International Federation of Social Workers (IFSW) the social work profession ‘promotes the empowerment and liberation of people to enhance wellbeing. Utilising theories of human behaviour and social systems, social work intervenes at the points where people interact with their environments’ (IFSW, 2000). However the social work role is questioned, in both its operational approach, and in terms of where it is positioned at the interface of individuals that are excluded and included within today’s society. This essay will aim, using relevant theories and concepts, to provide the opinion of the author, regarding their notion of how the social work role is delivered, and moreover, grasp an understanding of where this role is located, either working with the socially excluded or leaning towards the concept of inclusion. The term social exclusion was coined in France by Rene Lenoir in 1974, (Gore, 1995, Silver, 1995, Haan, 1998, cited in Islam, 2005: 4) and, in his opinion, referred to people who were omitted from employment-based social security systems. His reference to the excluded consisted of the ‘mentally and physically handicapped, suicidal people, aged individuals, abused children, drug addicts, delinquents, single parents, multi-problem households, marginal asocial persons and other social misfits’ (Silver, 1994-95: 532). Social exclusion did not replace poverty as a concept but referred to the ‘broader process of social disintegration – an increasing rupture of the bond between the individual and society’ (Islam, 2005: 4). As Lenoir suggests, social exclusion transpires in many forms; race, poverty and deprivation, employment, and class, and retains varied definitions. According to Sheppard (2006), the best definition that provides an understanding of all the dimensions of social exclusion was submitted by the Child Poverty Action Group (Walker and Walker, 1997, cited in Sheppard, 2006) ‘social exclusion refers to the dynamic process of being shut out, fully or partially, from any of the social, economic, political and cultural systems which determine the social integration of society’. However, the model of ‘social exclusion’ has only been in use in the UK for a relatively short time, and its extensive practice could indicate that it ‘describes a phenomenon that already existed, but lacked a suitable name’ (Page 2000: 4). Marx, for example, refers to the ‘underclasses in contemporary capitalist society. According to Marx members of the proletariat are compelled to sell their labour power to the bourgeoisie in order to ‘attain for themselves the means to their own subsistence’ (Ashley and Or enstein, 1998). Marx was aware of the growth of the middle classes, situated at the interface of proletariat on the one side and the bourgeoisie on the other, thus increasing the security and power of the upper class. Subsequently this produced a different division of the working class, Marx’s ‘lumpenproletariat’, for example; the migrant population, the indigents, the unemployed and those in poverty and deprivation, individuals that today would be the termed ‘socially excluded’. According to Marx, class structures are primary in determining the main social classes, the focal forms of struggle within societies, and the life experiences of people in these classes. However, secondary forms of inequality and oppression occur within each class, and these may take the form of racial and ethnic inequalities, or gender inequalities. Marxist feminists argue that, ‘within any class, women are less advantaged than men in their access to material goods, power, status, and possibilities for self-actualisation and the causes of this inequality lie in the organisation of capitalism itself’ (Ritzier, 1992: 468-9). , However, as Marxist theory distillates on class division, and is concentrated on the macro level only, this view of Social Work’s position at the interface of exclusion and inclusion is not conclusive. The Social Worker would be seen as working more in line with the ‘lumpenproletariat’ and not providing services to the ‘proletariat’ and certainly not the ‘bourgeoisie’, therefore places social work at the heart of the excluded and not the included. Moreover as social work from the Marxist perspective, is placed firmly within the macro level, the individualism and person centred approach that the social worker aims to provide the client cannot be fulfilled, as to do so would mean to be working at the micro level which the Marxist view discounts. The Functionalist stance referencing the concept of social exclusion is to describe a group, or groups, of people who are excluded from the normal activities of their society in multiple ways, thu s deviating from their societies ‘norms’ of behaviour (Sheppard, 2006). A functionalist perspective of social exclusion is, therefore, focussed upon the excluded persons being deviant and non- conforming to social norms. However, unlike the Marxist perspective, the Functionalist would concentrate on the social worker operational on the macro and the micro level, working with the individual, and also taking the clients wider social systems in to account, for example; family, friends, school and working environment. Emile Durkheim (1858-1917), and later Talcott Parsons (1951), suggests that societies were social ‘systems’, made up of interrelated social elements, and that these systems were ‘moral’ entities. Durkheim and Parsons argue that all human associations give rise to expectations in patterns of conduct, therefore producing restrictions on how a person should or shouldn’t behave. Hence emerges ‘collective consciousness’ which, in turn, constrains an individual and obliges them to act in particular ways ( Cuff, Sharrock and Francis, 1992). One way is that norms ‘effectively discipline individuals above all through their moral authority, relatively independent of any instrumentally significant consequences of conformity with them’ (Parsons 1951, p. 37). The other is that there is a tendency for individuals to ‘develop and maintain attachment to the same integrated system of norms and to find solidarity in the pursuit of shared goals’ (Parsons 1934: 295, Peacock 1976: 265). The Functionalist, therefore, would suggest that social work is very much concerned with the deviants in society, the individuals that do not conform to society’s norms. However this notion too could be contested, as, if the social work profession concerns itself with the deviants of society, the client could be at risk from labelling and of being further excluded by the social worker themselves. Sheppard (2006), asserts that social work is, in fact, exclusionary and that social workers ‘cannot engage in integration and inclusion because its innate functions involve labelling and marginalising people’ ( Sheppard, 2006). Functionalism also neglects the negative functions of an event, such as divorce, and does not encourage people to take an active role in changing their social environment, even when such change may benefit them. Conflict Theory also sees society as a social system, but unlike Functionalism who perceives society held together by social consensus or cohesion, Conflict Theory interprets society as held together through conflict and coercion. From this perspective, society is made up by competing interest groups, some more powerful than others (Andersen and Taylor, 2008). When Conflict Theorists look at society, they see the social domination of subordinate groups through the power, authority, and coercion of dominant groups. Randall Collins (1941) su ggests that power and status are fundamental relational dimensions at the micro level of social interaction and perhaps at the macro level as well. Collins concludes that coercion and the ability to force others to behave a certain way are the primary basis of conflict in society (Turner, 2000). Therefore in the conflict view, the elite members of the dominant groups create the rules for success and opportunity in society, often denying subordinate groups such success and opportunities, thus generating social division, and creating social exclusion, at the macro and the micro levels of society. In contrast to the conflict perspective, the strengths approach concentrates on building clients strong points in order for them to become empowered and initiate social change. Cowger and Snively (2001) favour the empowerment perspective as ‘central to social work practice, and see client strengths as providing the fuel and energy for that empowerment’ (Miley et al, 2004:91). Empowerment can be defined as ‘a construct that links individual strengths and competencies, natural helping systems, and proactive behaviours to social policy and social change’ (Rappaport, 1981, cited in Zimmerman, 1995: 569). However if the social worker is operational more within the context of empowering the socially excluded, rather than the included, what of the power and authority that a social worker holds over the client as an agent of social control? Moreover, if a social workers role involves empowering the client to take control of their own lives, how does the power transfer from the authoritative figure of the social worker, to the deprived, socially excluded client? Indeed, would the client want to be empowered, or be able to hold rational thought, capacity, to be open to empowerment? Rojek (1989) argues that empowering clients to focus on capacity building and not in making changes directly to the oppressive social structures affecting the client, places responsibility on the client to change whilst still facing social obstacles. Therefore, for the social worker to effectively practice empowerment, the client is presumed to have adequate rational capacity, and have only one risk factor influencing their lives. This is difficult, as, from researching this essay, it has become apparent, that the socially excluded individuals that social work operates with, has more than one disadvantage, problem, or need that they require support to cope with. Perhaps the term enablement would be more fitting than the harsh, power/powerless concept of empowerment and subsequently, that the social workers role should concentrate on maintaining the client According to Davies (1994: 58) ‘the social worker is contributing to the maintenance of society, by exercising control over deviant members, whilst allocating resources according to policies laid down by the state, on an individual basis’. This consensus approach ‘analyses structural inequalities in society and the role of social work in relation to such inequ alities’ (Lishman, 2005: 70). Davies idea of maintenance of the individual, and, therefore society, is simplistic, and, by using the term ‘maintain’ rather than ‘change’, dominates a proper conception of social work’ (Sheppard, 2006). However the radical social worker would discount Davies notion of maintenance as they perceive the state as serving particular dominant interests and therefore cannot play a neutral, humanitarian role in respect to vulnerable, disadvantaged, socially excluded people. They would argue that social workers using the maintenance role, with respect to state policies, will perpetrate inequality and its associated oppressions, disadvantages and stigma. Radicalists distinguish that social workers need to understand the nature of state power, and the role of social work as an element of state control and oppression (Lishman, 2005). If this is the case, and the social worker is operational in the form of an agent of social control, whilst holding the power and control over the client, may actually be alienating them further from society. Additionally, as the radical perspective, alongside Marxism, focusses on the class differences in society, it fails to take into account the multiple and varying oppression and disadvantage which operate in British Contemporary Society. According to Langham and Lee (1989: 9) radical social work texts and practice led to the failure to ‘recognise the systematic denial of power to women and black people and failed to recognise inequality arising from sexuality, disability or age’. There is much debate and confusion in reference to the definition of social work, and even more deliberation concerning the role of the social worker and of its operational position in today’s society. Taking into account, views from the Marxist, Radical and Functionalist perspectives, it has been the focus of this essay to decide upon the position of social work at the interface of social exclusion and social inclusion. It is of the author’s opinion, that social work should perform a maintenance role, working with socially excluded individuals. The notion of being an agent of social control is not very appealing, as it makes the social worker an authority figure, which clients would find oppressive. It doesn’t matter if the client is deviant or a conformist, the social worker should remain non-judgemental and focus on enabling and maintaining them to gain independence and improve their lives. References Andersen, M. Taylor, H. (2008), Sociology, Understanding a Diverse Society, 4th edn. USA: Thomson Higher Education. Ashley, D. Orenstein, D. (1998), Sociological Theory, Classical Statements. 4th edn. USA: Allyn and Bacon. Cuff, E. Sharrock, W. Francis, D. (1992), Perspectives in Sociology, 4th edn. London: Routledge. Davies, M. (1994), the Essential Social Worker, 3rd edn. Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing Ltd. International Federation of Social Workers, 2000, Definition of Social Work, [Online] Available at http://www.ifsw.org/f38000138.html (Accessed on 19/12/2011). Islam, A, (2005), ‘Sociology of Poverty: Quest for a New Horizon’, Bangladesh e-Journal of Sociology. 2, pp. 1. Lisman, J. (2005), Handbook of theory for practice teachers in social work, 10th edn. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. Miley, K. DuBois, B. (2004), Social work: an empowering profession, 5th edn. Boston: Pearson Publishers. Page, D. (2000), Communities in Balance, the reality of social exclusion on housing estates, York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation. Parsons, T. (1934), ‘the Place of Ultimate Values in Sociological Theory’, International Journal of Ethics, 45(3), pp. 282-316. Parsons, T. (1951), the Social System, New York: Free Press. Ritzier, G, (1992), Sociological Theory, 3rd edn. New York: McGraw-Hill. Rojek, C. Peacock, G. Collins, S. (1989) Social Work and Received Ideas, London: Routledge. Sheppard, M. (2006), Social Work and Social Exclusion, the Idea of Practice, Hampshire: Ashgate Publishing Ltd. Silver, H. (1994-95), ‘Social Exclusion and Social Solidarity: Three Paradigms’, International Labour Review, (133), pp. 531-578. Turner, J. (2000), Handbook of Sociological Theory, USA: Spring er Press. Zimmerman, M. Perkins, D. (1995), ‘Empowerment Theory Research and Application’, American Journal of Community Psychology, 23(5), pp. 569– 579.

North West Case Essay

Executive Summary North West Company will move towards a â€Å"pull strategy† within its supply chain. Pull production is based on actual or consumed demand and individual store managers will monitor this. The benefit of localization for North West will be a higher inventory turnover rate. The benefit for customers will be a more customized shopping experience based on their community. The potential risks are there are high costs involved in implementing a new database system and procurement decisions will be divided between category managers and store managers. We will implement a new database system and train store managers to purchase inventory based on local and regional needs. This system will allow stores to be a part of their community and customer needs can be better met. Issue Identification These are the following issues that must be addressed: Forecasting and Procurement – Low Inventory Turnover Rate Product Receiving and Shipping – Reducing Cycle Time Merchandising and Selling – Interorganizational Information Systems Store Managers – Preference Implications Environment and Root Cause Analysis Environment North West Company has a lower inventory turnover rate than most of its competitors and that is due to the use of a â€Å"push strategy† within the supply chain. Customer demands are not taken into consideration and they often have to shop at competitors to meet their needs. Issue Identification Forecasting and Procurement – Low Inventory Turnover Rate Forecasting and procurement use a â€Å"push strategy† where production decisions are based on long term historical forecasting. Category managers look at past trends and base their buying decisions on past sales. Purchase orders are submitted at least 4 months prior to the intended selling period. This does not allow for a response to changes in demand. This can lead to overstocking inventory, which is what causes the low turnover rate. The relationship with suppliers is streamlined because orders are placed in large batches and way ahead of time. The lack of customization allows suppliers to respond quickly and production is ahead of schedule. Product Receiving and Shipping – Reducing Cycle Time Products arrive at the distribution center approximately two months prior to the selling period. Inventory is separated between temporary and regular on two floors. Space is optimized because of the tight managing schedule or receiving and shipping however the lead-time to distribute the merchandise is too long. Excess merchandise is â€Å"pushed† to stores and eventually ends up being marked down. Merchandising and Selling – Interorganizational Information Systems Once merchandise arrives to the stores it is immediately put on display. Rural stores often sell out of popular items and customers are left with no choice but to shop at a competitor or substitute for other items. Demand for particular stores is not forecasted and this is an opportunity cost. The product assortment is kept fresh throughout the selling period by splitting up shipments throughout the period. There is a lack of information between stores and what each store/region requires. Store Managers – Preference Implications Category managers currently make all procurement decisions. Individual  stores have no say in what they will be selling and cannot combat customer demands. Although a costly process, if managers are given the ability to customize their inventory stores will be able to cater to their specific communities. Alternatives and Options Forecasting and Procurement – Inventory Turnover Pro: Forecasting and procurement is a fairly simple process because orders are placed in large batches and way ahead of time based on historical data. Con: It takes longer to respond to changes in demand, which results in overstocking. Alternative: Dividing inventory into two categories – General and Seasonal/Customized. General merchandise with consistent sales will maintain the â€Å"push strategy† as the process is less costly and decisions are based on data. Seasonal/Customized inventory will adopt a â€Å"pull strategy† where store managers will have the opportunity to make decisions based on their immediate environment. Product Receiving and Shipping – Reducing Cycle Time Pro: The distribution center is already divided into two floors – one for immediate shipping and the other for storage. This makes for easy access to what needs to be shipped right away and what does not. Con: Two months is a long time to be housing inventory that is projected for a specific period. Demands can change in this time frame and the distribution center is left with no choice other than to â€Å"push† inventory to store warehouses. This is what leads to unnecessary markdowns. Alternative: Placing orders with suppliers at a later date will reduce the time inventory sits at the distribution center. The center already runs  smoothly and on schedule so pushing back shipments should not be a problem. This will allow orders to go in at a later date where inventory demands might change. Merchandising and Selling – Interorganizational Information Systems Pro: Merchandise is immediately put on display so stores do not have to stock inventory. Con: If a store runs out of certain products they cannot meet demand. Similarly, if a product does not sell it will eventually go into clearance. Alternative: Creating a database between stores that shows inventory of each store will allow inventory to move easily from one location to the next. Stores should hold some general merchandise in order to allow a continuous flow of turnover. Store Managers – Preference Implications Pro: Store managers can customize orders based on customer needs and local trends. There is opportunity to have higher inventory turnover because of localization. Con: Manager’s preferences can be biased and oppose that of the company as a whole. Alternative: Store managers should be given proper training and a guideline of what they can purchase. Managers are limited to â€Å"OTB† dollars. Recommendations The following is a summary of my recommendations: Categorize inventory into two sections: General and Seasonal/Customized Maintain the current system for General merchandise  Seasonal/Customized inventory to move to a â€Å"pull system† Within the â€Å"pull system†, seasonal/customized inventory is ordered at a later date to reduce storage time at distribution center Create storage space within individual stores for General merchandise Implementing a database for all stores to view on hand inventory Training store managers to use the database Developing an allowance for store managers to purchase products for their individual stores Implementation The first step is to categorize inventory between general and seasonal/customized. This will be appointed to category managers. General inventory will maintain the system that is already in place and will be consistent for all 147 stores. Once seasonal/customized inventory is identified, forecasting should be done two months prior to purchasing period. This responsibility will be that of the store manager. Cycle time will be reduced as the distribution center will now only be a gathering point for incoming shipments rather than a storage facility. Individual stores should allow for some storage space for General inventory and overstock. North West will need to invest at least $10 million to develop a database. The database will take a month to implement and we should consider up to two months for training of store managers. The category managers will determine the allowance that each store manager is given. We can look at data to determine which stores are most successful and calculate an allowance based on individual store inventory turnover. The entire plan should take no longer than six months to implement. Monitor and Control Timely checks should be made to see if the implementation plan is successful. Once inventory has been categorized and a database has been developed, category managers should measure the store managers’ performance. This includes examining if inventory turnover has gone up. Customers can be given surveys to measure whether or not their needs are being met. The  reduction in markdowns should be measured as well in order to determine whether or not this is a feasible system.

Capacity Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Capacity Management - Assignment Example The capacity measure is the number of seats that are present in the restaurant. This implies the number of people it can accommodate at sitting. Number of customers served and the pizza eaten can also count. College admissions department. The capacity measure here is the number of students that are admitted. More students admitted calls for more departments.The number of lanes and the time that is taken by a student to be admitted is vital in measurement. The business that I have chosen is the American Apparel, a firm that sells all types of casual wears. It uses the following reason to adjust its short-term capacity levels as explained below. (Mark, 2012) The American Apparel buys more casual clothes of which the excess is stored. Since it uses FIFO method, those clothes that are much newer are stored. When the old stock reduces and the demand for the new arises they are released to the market for sale. The company believes in the quality delivery and therefore it employs workers who have good credentials and good marketing skills. It also applies the cross training to update its employees on the upcoming trends and the needs of its

AC2650 cw2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

AC2650 cw2 - Essay Example Every investment comes with different types of risk associated with it. Investors may think that making investments according to the advice of the financial experts are free of risk. But this is not true, as it also comes with various risks. Investors need to understand that to generate wealth over a period of time it needs to accept a high amount of risks. Stock market always fluctuates and it depends on several factors like profitability and performance of the company, political and social factors, and govt. decisions. Share prices of a company always fluctuate due two types of risks – systematic and unsystematic risk. Systematic risks are the market risks and can be measured by beta. On the other side unsystematic risks are those risks which arise from the internal problem of the company like labor problem, problem in managerial decisions and problems in other code of conduct of the company. Unsystematic risks can be measured by alpha. Now we need to consider the various ty pes of risks that are associated with investing in the stock market. There are several types of unreasonable risks that are faced by the investors in the stock market. Evaluating and analyzing the risk that are involved in any investment is very complex. According to the risk taking ability the investors can be differentiated into different category. Risk taking ability of an investor is known as risk portfolio of the investor. There are several types of investors like high risk potential investor, medium risk potential investor and low risk potential investor. Risk tolerance level of an investor depends upon several factors like the age of the investor, objectives of investment, aim of the investment and future goals in life. Thus to discuss about the unreasonable risks we need to consider the several types of risks that can affect the performance of the investors in the stock market. Market risk includes a wider picture which means if an investor wants to

Export Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Export Marketing - Essay Example Export marketing is the marketing activities involved in an export that helps in taking the opportunities of doing business in foreign countries while at the same time it sustains the production in the home country. Export marketing is very much important in today's competitive world, as it is only through exporting or marketing to the outside world, the small companies can turn into large companies and large ones into multinational operations. It allows a business to grow further beyond its geographical limits and helps in understanding economy of foreign countries. It also provides scope for improving the quality of goods or services as per the requirements in the foreign market. However, before pursuing export marketing, one should perform extensive export marketing research so that it can understand the demand of its goods and services among the foreign consumers. It also helps in understanding the capability of its products to sustain in the export market. Nowadays, in most of the countries worldwide, governments are encouraging their domestic companies to go global to expand their business extents and fulfil the requirements of overseas customers along with its domestic ones. This involves offering various export marketing research schemes to understand the foreign markets. ... The primary purpose of EMRS is to provide the necessary export marketing research to the UK companies before the companies are ready with their strategies to enter into the overseas market. This export marketing research basically involves gaining knowledge and information about the following topics regarding the foreign markets: The size of the market and its segmentation Regulations and legislation in the foreign market Needs, attitudes and usage of the customers Available distribution network The market trends followed Activities of the competitors along with their strategies and performances How to Enter into an Export Market It is a very important decision for any domestic company to enter into the export market. However, the success of this step of the companies depends on many factors. For the success in export marketing, a company needs an effective way to market and distribute its goods and services in the export market. There are multiple options available, which include direct exporting by the domestic company, using third-parties as intermediaries for exporting the goods and services and collaborating with companies that are already marketing in the export market. It is generally seen that the new ventures targeting for export marketing prefers direct export process. The main concern behind this behaviour of the companies is mainly due to their intention to save money or avoid sharing of any profit with other company or third-party services. The companies going for direct exporting should understand that they can be successful in the foreign market only when they are ready to use their resources t o perform the following basic tasks: Choosing the foreign

Man vs women superior Im taking the man side Essay

Man vs women superior Im taking the man side - Essay Example They like challenges and this is the reason why they are physically much stronger than the women. Ladies and gentlemen, I remark from renowned evidence that has come to the fore that men are able to execute things better than their female counterparts because they know what is going on with them rather than their female partners who know little about the environmental issues. Men therefore know it better how to tackle the problems and thus analyze the same in a much rigorous manner before approaching it. Also men are known to decide their course of action much earlier than their female counterparts. This is because men take less time to analyze and thus make up their mind. Since men are known to be tough taskmasters, they get the job done quickly whereas the women take a lot of time to think through and then go about executing a task or an action under their aegis (May, 2011). Men therefore decide it quickly what to do with their actions whereas the women take advice from others and often are tied up within confusing patterns even after they have taken one such decision. What is even more comparatively driven is the fact that women lack the mental strength and are more prone to crying their heart out and expressing their concerns than the men. This is the reason why one would see more women shedding tears and fewer men doing it on a regular basis. Women believe that it is not their duty to go through the physical and mental drills much like what their male counterparts do on a regular basis (Connell, 2011). Hence masculinity and femininity are two sides of the same coin and deserve attention for a number of reasons. However the basic premise is much the same yet the men are stronger than women and known to enjoy the rigors of life well. May I add here in the end that men make the world tougher yet the women make it sweeter. It is the combination of

Experimental economics, summary paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Experimental economics, summary paper - Essay Example The winners curse cannot occur if all bidders are rational, thus when the winner curse occurs it is considered a market anomaly. In an auction marketplace in which they are a lot of bidders one must utilized a more aggressive bidding strategy. Another risk associated with auctions in which there are lots of participants is for the winner to overstate the value of the item. In 1983 Max Bazerman and William Samuelson conducted an experiment on MBA students to test the winner’s curve concept. They filled cookie jars with coins and they ask the students to make money bids for the cookie jar full of change. All cookie jars were valued at $8.00, but this variable was unknown to the participants. The results were that the mean winning bid was $10.01 which means that student overestimated the value by $2.01. The winners were cursed with an item that was worth less than what they paid for. Often economic anomalies occur due to the existence of asymmetric information. An industry in whi ch there are often projects that can be worth millions or nothing is the oil business. When companies make bids on oil exploration project the bids are done knowing that there is a possibility of complete failure. Market anomalies offer occur in these types of auctions.

There is no set topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

There is no set topic - Essay Example In the third stanza the poet explains the fact again that both the roads did not hold much difference. He thinks that he will come back to walk on the other road some other time. But despite of this he is aware of the fact that it will not be possible for him to come back again and choose the other road. In the final stanza of the poem, Frost explains that after years he will actually be sharing his experience with others and tell them that he had an option of choosing one of the two paths in the woods. He will share the reason for his choice. â€Å"The Road Not Taken† by Robert Frost has a deep message to convey and is not just simply about the woods and choice of the path that he takes. The poem explains the occurrence that happens in the life of every individual. It presents the occasion of choice that comes in the life of a person. In the life of a person, there are many instances when one has to choose between many different options and a person has to think before taking a decision. This happens many times and is a common occurrence in the life of almost every individual. The choice pertains to many important matters. This importance of choice is signified by Frost’s confusion before choosing for one of the paths in the wood and he analyzes both of them before opting for one of them. Also it explains the fact that it is very difficult for a person to come back to the same point in his life and begin again because every decision that a person takes initiates a cascade of events which needs the person to take further decisions. Hence it is impossible to actually move back again and start from the scratch. The poem also presents a very important aspect of human nature which is dissatisfaction. A human being is never satisfied with what he gets and what he opts for. He usually keeps on thinking that if he had chosen the second option, he might have been in a better position and this ambiguity is seen in Frost’s poem when he also

Cafe Latte Essay Example for Free

Cafe Latte Essay The business was formed as a limited partnership between three siblings and a friend, Cynthia, Stuart, and Rob Chan, along with Jeff Burns, respectively. The Chans are somewhat knowledgeable about running a business since their parents have operated a restaurant for years, and Stuart Chan continues to manage the restaurant. The three siblings are the principals in the business, while Jeff Burns is primarily a partner for financial purposes only. Cynthia, having the most free time, has spent the most time working on the business opening. Stuart has procured the equipment for the bar, with Rob’s help. Stuart has become angry at Cynthia for not spending enough time in preparations, and feels that she and Rob are not doing their fair share of work. Stuart wants to buy out Cynthia’s share, but later just apologizes for his outburst. In order to avoid further conflicts, a work schedule was devised that permits Cynthia and Stuart to work schedules that do not overlap, and Rob will manage the operation. Introduction This case study is following the decision case model. Case studies are and important part of the study of organizational behavior. We can dissect the various components of attitudes, behaviors, consequences, etc. , using a fictional setting and cast of characters. We can subsequently collaborate to develop objective assessments of the situation presented, and model possible decisions that we might make as managers. In the case of the Cafe Latte case study, we are provided with one decision possibility but we are also free to propose alternative decisions, along with the rationale. Stuart has some qualities of a team leader (commitment, hardworking etc), but lacks some important ones. He failed to appreciate others contributions and failed to do psychological empowerment. Also as a leader he was not distributing the roles and responsibilities evenly. Unfortunately, he was getting more work from two jobs he was handling. Instead of motivating others he was making negative remarks frequently. There could be some ego problems and sibling rivalry too. Cynthia was unhappy at the end, but she was not ready or courageous to talk to Stuart about the problems. Instead she wrote a list and handed-over that to Stuart. Stuart was intelligent enough to understand the situation and the consequences. But he has some false pride and he was not even ready give a direct apology to Cynthia. It took him two days to write an apology. Also he has to leave the apology in Cynthias car, which made its less personal and sincere. The problems are listed in detail below: 1. There is an overall lack of communication in this business and family. 2. Lack of transparency within the organization and lack of goals for metrics when the business opens. 3. No delineation of responsibilities between the siblings. 4. Basic problem is the inter-personal relationships, lack of proper communication, and improper distribution of work. We see that Stuart and Cynthia are making assumptions about others’ actions and contribution. They are not analyzing or evaluating the situation properly. There was no proper channel for unbiased flow of information. With each partner holding an equal share in the business, no one has emerged as a manager to lead the others. 5. We see that Stuart is over-worked with two jobs and he is not getting any appreciation for his hard work. At the same time, Stuart thinks that Cynthia and Rob are not working hard. This makes Stuart unhappy. 6. Stuart has some qualities of a team leader, but lacks some important qualities as well. He fails to appreciate others contributions and fails to do psychological empowerment. Also as a leader he is not distributing the roles and responsibilities evenly. Unfortunately, he is getting more work. Instead of motivating others or suggesting solutions to problems, he instead chose to make frequent negative remarks that served only to inflame the other partners. 7. Stuart does not incur any consequences for his immature behavior. . Stuart’s ego may be getting in the way of an amicable resolution. 9. Sibling rivalry between the Chans. Decision –Additional Options The conflict in the workplace is quite normal with different kind of personalities, cultures and life experiences. However, conflict is not necessarily a bad thing. It will become a major problem if the conflicts are not resolved effectively. According to OB, conflicts can be resolved by increased understanding, group cohesion and improved self-knowledge. Open discussion is needed to resolve conflict and increase the awareness of the situation. This will bring some insight into how they can achieve the common goals. Team members will have strong mutual respect and faith in their ability to work together once the conflict is resolved amicably. One important thing to resolve the conflicts is to do self evaluation. Everyone should examine their goals, strength and weakness, tasks, actions in close and enhance the positive aspects or behavior. †¢ Someone should initiate a mediation talk to resolve the conflicts between Cynthia and Stuart. Since Cynthia and Stuart are upset and emotionally distressed, a third party should initiate the talk. The best people in the picture to initiate this are Rob and Jeff. Rob and Jeff should initiate a serious of talks to understand the problems of Stuart and Cynthia and look for an amicable solution. While Jeff is a financial partner only, the trouble brewing among the Chan siblings could place his financial stake in the company at risk. †¢ But when Cynthia received the apology, she should have contacted Stuart directly and initiated the conflict resolution and mediation process. Behavior Assessment In both cases, they should list out the problems and possible solutions to achieve their common goal. A good understanding and working relationship among the team members should be the most important goal for the success of their new venture. John Holland’s Typology of Personality and Congruent Occupations provides a model that attempts to match job requirements with personality. In his hexagon diagram, the theory is that the closer two personality types are to each other, the more compatible they are. In addition, the model categorizes personality types into six categories, lists the personality characteristics, and then suggests the most congruent occupations for the various personality types. Holland classifies enterprising personality types as having self-confidence and ambition, and suggests congruency with small business manager occupations. Cynthia demonstrated her high energy and entrepreneurial tendencies when she devoted all of her free time to the tasks leading up to the opening of Cafe Latte. According to Holland, she then might be the right personality type to manage the business. Stuart Chan, however, already manages the family restaurant, but if we assess his personality using Holland’s model, he perhaps would be a conventional personality type, which prefers rules, and orderly, unambiguous activities.

Racial discrimination Essay Example for Free

Racial discrimination Essay The era of Jim Crow segregation will forever be linked with racial discrimination and the push for civil rights following Reconstruction.   The two most influential black men of the time, Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. DuBois, were also two of the most polarizing forces within the black community.   Both men strived for racial equality in the eyes of the law, but they employed contrasting strategies in order to combat the dire political and economic situation African Americans found themselves trying to escape. With his leadership skills and political cache, Booker T. Washington was the most famous African American leading the black charge into the 20th Century.   His power increased with his economic and political ties through the Tuskegee Institute and his relations with Presidents Roosevelt and Taft, both of whom were racially prejudiced.   Mr. Washington believed that blacks should accept their subjugated citizenship for the time being instead of agitating the white population.   In his mind, if blacks could earn a dollar through industrial education they would be much better off than fighting the latent power of white society. On the other end of the spectrum, Harvard educated W.E.B. DuBois took the intellectual path to the racial struggle.   His theory held that blacks should never accept a lower position in society just because that was the way things were.   Through his writings and organizing tactics, DuBois rallied the intelligentsia, The Talented 10th, in order to raise black consciousness above the perceived blind acceptance of Booker T. Washington.   DuBois was severely opposed to racial segregation in both politics and economics whereas Washington supported an agenda based on the separation of the races.

Effects of Parental Status on Children

Effects of Parental Status on Children 3.2 PARENTAL HABITS, OCCUPATION, SOCIAL CLASS AND PARENTAL EDUCATION How peers feel about their fathers occupation influences childrens attitudes. From contacts with their friends parents or what they see on television or read in books, children build up concepts of an ideal mother and father. Children feel that if they have better homes, better play equipment than their peers, they feel superior. If on the other hand their socio-economic status is inferior, it is likely to lead to feelings of inferiority. Children like to emulate their parents and thus, bad habits in parents may naturally pass on to them. Ganga et al in their study observed that in 66.2% of children there was history of alcohol abuse by fathers, with most of their income wasted on liquor and gambling. All the boys studied were from an urban or semi-urban area belonging to poor socio-economic category. In 40. 9% boys both parents were illiterate, in 33 8% only father was a functional literate. 52% of the parents were daily wage earners with irregular employment and 14. 2% were in quasi or full time Government job.24 Thilagaraj noted that in 51 % of the children had been brought up in slums and 68% of them had parents completely illiterate. Alcohol usage was found in 78% of the parents.26   3.3 EMERGING CAUSES- Natural calamities, AIDS, etc In the later part of the 20th century the World has witnessed some of the worst natural disasters. India too has witnessed the natural calamities on an unprecedented scale. The gory memories of the earthquake hitting Maharashtra in 1993, followed by another equally severe quake rocking the state of Gujarat in 2000 taking a heavy toll of human lives is still vivid. The problems of flooding in the eastern and north eastern parts of India is a recurrent one to live with, resulting in loss of many human lives. More recently the killer Tsunami waves hitting the southern coast of India taking the official death toll to over 10000.37 During such calamities children are always the first to get relief aid, hence it would be a legitimate conclusion that compared to the number of adult lives lost, the number of child deaths would be low. Mohan Y from JIPMER Pondicherry, in their preliminary study on the Tsunami affected victims in Pondicherry found out that 2% of children below 15 years were orphaned with most of them being losing their fathers.38 Lakhotia N and co-workers in a survey in the relief camps provided for the victims for the 2000 Gujarat earthquake, noted that in nearly 3% of children one of the parents was reported missing, and in 1 % it was confirmed that one of them was dead.39 Sarkar N R et at in their study noted that 4% of orphans had lost one of their parents in the floods over three years.40 Lindblade K A and co-workers feel that one of the consequences of HIV/AIDS epidemic in Sub-Saharan Africa is an increase in the number of orphans, estimated to have reached 6-11 % of children below 15 years by year 2000.41 4. PROBLEMS OF ORPHANS DUE TO ORPHANING Orphan-hood is frequently accompanied with multidimensional problems including prejudice, reduced access to health and school services, inadequate food, sexual abuse and others.42 Joyce K. Kikafunda et al found that orphan children living with their elderly grandparents are highly malnourished . A representative sample size of one hundred (100) elderly headed homes was calculated. Fifty (50) homes of children with both parents were randomly selected to act as a comparison group. A single child under the age of ten was randomly picked for anthropometrical measurements in each selected home. The results of this study show that a large proportion of the orphans (47 %) are malnourished when compared with only 28 % of malnourished non-orphans found in the normal homes. In addition, our study findings revealed that the older the orphans (0 10 years) living with the elderly get, the higher the level of underweight.43 The death of one or both parents has a profound and lifelong impact on the psychological wellbeing of children. Adolescents in particular are at increased risk for unresolved or complicated bereavement because of their developmental vulnerability and emotional dependency.44 Hierarchical framework for investigating the causal pathways between OVC experience and ill-health and malnutrition. N/B The UNICEF indicators used in the analysis are shown in the brackets- where there is no appropriate indicator to fit into the framework, NA (not available) is noted under the risk factor.45 5. ORPHANAGE 5.1 DEFINITION Orphanage is the name to describe a residential institution devoted to the care and education of orphans i.e., children whose parents are deceased or otherwise unable to care for them. 46 Institutions differ from families in both the organization of their context and in the roles of their participants. These factors affect the behaviors of the participants, both children and staff, and the process of the children’s development. 5.2 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE CHARACTERISTICS OF INSTITUTION  AND FAMILIES: Major characteristics of a total institution as proposed by Goffman are as follows: A total institution establishes barriers to social intercourse with the outside world. It is difficult to leave a total institution. All aspects of life in a total institution are conducted in the same place under the  same single authority. Everybody is obliged to act and to live together with his/her inmates. Officials in a total institution schedule and control all phases of inmates’ activity. There is a basic split between a large managed group (inmates) and a small  supervisory staff. Inmates have restricted contacts with the outside world, whereas staff members are  socially integrated with the outside world.47 In contrast, the family is an open setting where each family member participates in some other settings (e.g. school, day care, playground, work place, peer group, church, etc.). As a system, the family consists of a number of dyads and multiads (e.g. marital couple, children, older members of the family, etc.).Participation in these dyads and multiads determines the roles of family members (husband and father, son, brother, and grandson, etc.). Each of these roles is activated by a certain context which contributes to the development of the child. Thus, in families children witness multiple roles of family members (father and husband; mother and wife; sister and daughter; etc.). In contrast, an institutional staff functions in fixed social roles with strictly denied social behaviors. 48 Another important difference between the family and the institution is that the former is a self-supporting system, but the latter is not. The family may or may not rely on the outside world for help, but the majorities of life-supporting activities originates within the family and are carried out by family members, both adults and children. Mothers and fathers combine roles of providers, cooks, servants, educators, and caretakers in the mutual process and mutual context of life, and are assisted by their children. In an institution, these life-supporting activities are distributed between many staff with little or no participation by institutionalized children. 48 6. QUALITY OF SERVICES RENDERED IN ORPHANAGE Chabra et al in their study on the nutritional status and morbidity among 192 boys aged 6-12 years in a children observation in North West Delhi, noted that the infrastructure in terms of dining rooms, toilets, recreational facilities and medical care was inadequate.49 Erick Otieno Nyambedha et al in his study found that 84% of caregivers said orphans has schooling problems,48% of them said orphans has food problems,20% said hospital facilities are lacking.50 Horwitz S M and co-workers observed in their study on children in a foster care facility in New Haven Connecticut State USA, that there were no adequate toilet facilities for the inmates and the caretakers to child ratio was also inadequate.51 Suma Narayan Reddy observed in her study that out of 16 orphanages surveyed by her, there were 28 caretakers, only 2 caretakers had formal training and orientation courses in mental health problems of children and their early recognition and institution of remedial measures.52 Kapur M et al observed that most of the caretakers involved in the care of juvenile delinquents were not properly trained in recognizing the emotional problems amongst children.53 Takayama and co-workers report in their study on a child protection centre in San Francisco that the number of Caretakers was inadequate, and the medical services too were inadequate.54 7. PROBLEMS FACED BY THE ORPHANS IN ORPHANAGES Children living in institution invariably face a wide variety of problems inherent in institutional care such as (1) shortage of trained staff and the associated problem of high staff turnover (2) children living in groups set up their own social system and code of behavior which may oppose rather than support the aims of the institution (3) contradictions between the needs for regulation and the need to individualize the conflict between the needs of the individual child and the needs of the group. Thus the children are caught amidst such inevitable situation and demands in the institutions. 55 Five areas of potential biologic and social risk to infants and young children in orphanage care include: infectious morbidity nutrition and growth cognitive development socio affective development physical abuses 55 Orphanage children are deprived of their primary care givers, so they are more prone to physical health problems. Various studies have been conducted at national and international level, on health problems of orphans and vulnerable children in orphanage. Some of them are as follows. Chabra et al conducted a study on health and nutritional status of 192 boys in the age group of 6 to 12 years in a children observation home in Delhi. Almost 148 (60%) boys had some or the other forms of morbidity. Skin disease was the commonest morbidity (31.7%), followed by disease of the oral cavity (16%), acute respiratory infection (8.6%) and disease of the ear (9.9%). Additionally, the study revealed that that (36.7%) of boys were malnourished, and (13.5%) of the boys exhibited signs of specific nutritional deficiencies.49 Bhuvanesh Shukla et al found that most commonest health problems in orphanage are skin disease. A sample size of 104 children between the age group of 5 – 14 years was studied. Orphanage children skin problems shows that 3.84% of them had skin patches. Most of the (83%) children had dandruff, 25% of them had pediculosis.50% of them had dental carries, 33.5 of them had gingivitis, 57.7% of them were malnourished.10 Karim SA et al conducted a study in an orphanage in Dhaka to find out the outbreak of scabies and socio-economic profile, water sanitation facilities, personal hygiene and living condition of the orphan children. The study included 492 children and they received clinical check up. The result highlights that 98%children had scabies, and 71% has been infected.56 Dhanya Muralidharan et al a study conducted on oral health status of children in orphanage found that dental caries is most common in them. There were a total of 221 children in the orphanage with a boy to girl ratio of 1.6:1. The number of children having dental caries at baseline was 129 (58.37%). They concluded that comprehensive dental health care program (CDHP) is effective in overall improvement of general and oral health. In resource limited countries like India, such programs organized by dental schools can improve oral health.57 Takayama J I et al observed in their study population that among the 0 to 6 year olds, 27% children had upper respiratory illnesses, 23% had developmental delay and 21% had skin conditions. Among the 7 to 12 age group, 32% failed vision screen, 12% had dental caries and 11% had upper respiratory illness. Among the 13-18 year olds, 31% had failed vision screening, 12% had positive tuberculin skin tests.54 Miller L C and Hendrie N W noted that of the 452 Chinese children adopted form various orphanages from China and observed at an Adoption clinic between 1991-1998, Growth and developmental delays were frequent, in 39% for height, 18% for weight, 24% for head circumference. 75% had significant developmental delay in at least 1 domain; Gross motor in 55%, Fine motor in 49%, Cognitive in 32%, Language in 43%, Social-emotional in 28%, Activities of Daily Living 30% and global delays in 44%, 35% were anaemic, 10% had abnormal thyroid function tests, 9% had intestinal parasitosis (usually Giardia). 3.5% had positive skin tests for tuberculosis, 6% had positive hepatitis B surface antigen, 22% had positive hepatitis B surface antibody. Unsuspected significant medical diagnoses including hearing loss, orthopedic problems and congenital anomalies were seen in 12% of children.58 Wilai S et al conducted a study in Pathum Thani Province, Thailand to evaluate the intestinal parasitic infections in orphanage children. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 106 preschool orphans (60 males and 46 females) and their stool samples were collected. Almost 86 individuals (81.1%) were infected with at least one parasite.59 Ganga et al in their study on 225 children in Thanjavur Observation home observed that, communicable diseases, diseases of the eyes, ear, skin and dental caries

Contrasting Poets Lawrence And Shapiro In Their Views Of Nature :: essays research papers fc

Contrasting Poets Lawrence and Shapiro in Their Views of Nature Throughout the history of literature, poetic views of nature has evolved through time. One of the most differing eras is the twentieth century. With it's non-classical views, the twentieth century is one of the most influential eras. While the Victorian era practiced traditional values, the twentieth century influences techniques of love and the loss of the beauty in nature. Poets of the same century have multiple views, many differing. Two major twentieth century poets are D.H. Lawrence and Karl Shapiro. D.H. Lawrence loves and is in touch with nature, while Karl Shapiro cares more of war and satires of government, not giving much thought to nature. Even though both poets share and differ in views, both are twentieth century poets. The twentieth century lasted from 1900-1939. It began at the dawn of the new century and in England, is set by the death of Queen Victoria. Reading attracted a large audience because of the tremendous growth in education opportunities (Granner, 616). One major downfall and factor of the twentieth century was World War I. This was had pulled up new roots that were "buried in the past," causing multiple conflicts between nations (Granner, 611). The war reflects the bitterness and troubles put on twentieth century poetry. The poets wrote of science fiction, anti-war protagonists, and ridicule of authority. Leading poets in the twentieth century are D.H. Lawrence, James Joyce, Joseph Conrad, Dylan Thomas, and H.G. Wells. D.H. Lawrence views on nature are more humanistic, rather than natural. He loves individuality and "inner self" (Magill, 1686). His writing were pure because of his adolescent puritan environment (Becker, 5). D.H. Lawrence, although in the twentieth century, is a die-hard romantic (Albright, 1). To Lawrence, nature was an item of beauty and creativity. He respects nature. In Lawrence's poem, "The Sea," he humanizes the sea. He states that the sea is "celebate and single," referring to a person. He treats this part of nature as if it is a real person. He does his with great passion showing his love for nature. He goes further stating, "Sea only you are free, sophisticated." Here again one views the humanistic views upon nature. Nature to Lawrence is an individual, trying to survive in this world of chaos. He refers to the sea as being a perfect individual. Throughout this poem, Lawrence constantly refers to nature as humanistic, much unlike most twentieth century poetry. He has the passion and love that most poets of that century do not. Karl Shapiro is another leading poet amongst the twentieth century.

Arthurs Unrealism: Monty Python, Gawain and the Green Knight, and the Destruction of :: Essays Papers

Arthur's Unrealism: Monty Python, Gawain and the Green Knight, and the Destruction of Ideals It may be that ideals are necessary for humanity. Without idealized images, codes of behavior, even idealized objects, mankind would have difficulty functioning. There would be a lack of context or criteria with which to judge objects that may be termed less than ideal. However, the problem with idealized images is that they can never be described fully, and certainly never attained. An example is the contemporary ideal of feminine beauty, which has led to countless problems such as depression and psychological dietary disorders among women who perceive themselves to be "inadequate." The more culturally emphasized an ideal is, the more ordinary people are made to feel inadequate. This has led to a trend common to all centuries, that of puncturing ideals by showing them to be less than what they are supposed to be. In art and literature we see manifestations of this mechanism. It is a protective mechanism in a sense, for it prevents total absorption in the ideal, forcing us to see it for what it is, a benchmark and not a realistic goal. Even in the works where men and women achieve the ideal, it is usually accomplished by supernatural means, for a concomitant of the ideal is that it cannot truly exist in the natural and hence imperfect world. Examples of such mechanisms range from the colloquialism "out of this world" to describe the superlative to the common mythological pattern of the religious leader being the son of a god. One of the most enduring myths in the Western world is that of Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table. Regardless of the origins of the tales, the fact is that by the time they had been filtered through a French sensibility and re-exported to England, they were representations of not one but several ideals. Courtly love and chivalry and the various components thereof, such as martial prowess, chastity, bravery, courtesy, and so on, were presented as the chief virtues to aspire to, and the knights as role models. Arthur's eventual fall is precisely because of having failed at some level to fulfill these ideals in his life. The Arthurian cycle shows a sporadic awareness of the impossibility of mere humans fulfilling all the ideals that Arthur and his court represent. The story of Lancelot and Guenevere, Merlin's imprisonment by Nimu‘, and numerous other instances testify to the recognition of this tension between the real and the unrealistic.

Mt. Lemmon

Mt. Lemmon towers 9000 feet above sea level starting at the foot of the Catalina Mountains in Tucson, Arizona. This unique eco-environment can be compared as a trip from Mexico to Canada in 25 miles with regards to vegetation distribution (Dotucson). On the base of the mountain range, the dominant vegetation resembles that of a desert landscape, all the desert plant and wildlife co-exist among the ever creeping metropolitan city limits. Saguaro cactus abounds standing tall against the backdrop of the enormous mountain range (Azentertain, 2006). As one treks to go upward from the wide base, bushes and smaller plant varieties and grasses are observed to flourish. This vegetation is relatively widely distributed among wind blown rock formations. Going further up to the peak of the mountain, the scenery drastically changes to become a dense forest of aspen trees, pine and fir, which cover the upper portion of the huge land mass. These forest landscapes predominantly occupy regions up to the snow covered areas during winter seasons. The very unique environment characteristic of Mount Lemmon may be attributed with the physical factors of the mountain. Apparently, the lush vegetation in the upper part of the mountain receives adequate amounts of rain water to support its forest. However, some related factors in the form of boulders and contour variations may have trapped the water in the upper part, making the base areas dry and scarce with water. This causes the bottom landscape to have a desert ecosystem. The Aspen fire in 2003 may be seen as a factor in changing the vegetation of the mountain. A good number of remaining trees may not be able to support the watershed in a certain time segment since many trees and animals have died of the fire. However, the burned forest materials will serve as elements to further nourish the soil. This will eventually give better vegetation conditions for other plants and animals in the future. References: AZentertain. 2006. Mt. Lemmon, AZ-the long drive into another world. Retrieved May 13, 2007 from http://emol.org/tucson/mtlemmon/information.html. Dotucson. Mt; Lemmon. Retrieved May 13, 2007 from http://www.dotucson.com/visit.asp?qry=431. Â   Â  

In what ways was the stimulus material developed during the drama process?

Before we had been shown our choices of stimuli, we had been introduced to a range of exercises that enabled us to explore texts, music and pictures in different ways. This helped immensely during the first stages of development, as we had an idea of how the stimuli could influence the performance overall. For example, looking at pictures we would determine who were the main people involved in the picture, and if somebody looked sad, we tried to give them a story behind that sadness. After looking at a variety of pictures, we decided upon ‘Scream' By Edvard Munch. There were two versions of this picture, both colour, and one in black and white. We all agreed that the black and white picture created the wider range of possibilities for us, as it represented a more eerie and haunting scene. We created a spider diagram of words that we felt when looking at the picture. Words relating to anger, trapped, loneliness, disfigurement, illness and paranoia all appeared within this first diagram. The next stage of processing the drama was to decide on which of these themes we liked the most. ‘Trapped' gave us the biggest set of possibilities to explore into, as it incorporated many of the above emotions anyway. After another spider diagram where we came up with a wider range of words that derived from the feeling of being trapped. These included illness, abuse, eating disorders, OCD and correctness. Next each member researched into a specific topic from this diagram, and thought up an interpretation of each scene. We collectively decided that to reflect the image, we would follow no particular structure or genre of acting. We thought that by letting each scene flow independently would create a basis for us to expand on. However we knew that at some point we would have to link them all together to create a performance. Much like the lines in the image, as each line helps create the bigger picture. Our concepts that we're derived from the word trapped were specifically based on modern concepts, which helped with the audiences understanding of the subject matter, and more aware of how it affects society today. There is one scene however which doesn't really reflect modern day, however it is still representative of recent history. This scene is the suffragette scene. We used this to reflect upon the fact that the issues we were representing are not just modern issues, but have in fact been around for years. From our spider diagrams we came up with a list of possible plots, and characters that would be involved in each scene. We experimented with our techniques to develop the stimulus. Rehearsal techniques came in very handy during the dry spells in our development. We were often faced with a mental block of ideas, and therefore chose to experiment with different rehearsal methods based around one of our theme words to help us out. For example, we knew we wanted a scene on abuse, yet we did not know how we wanted to show this. Whether realism or surrealism would be more appropriate and effective. Therefore, we used a technique in which we chose a subject of abuse, and whether we were the abused or the abuser. When a thought came into our mind on the chosen subject, we would shout out how we felt. For example my character had been cheated on, and I said ‘what do you think you're doing with my husband? He's MY husband not yours'. We gradually made the lines more dramatic and offensive, until we had reached the highest level of abuse we thought possible. This really helped us in creating out performance as we then decided to re-enact the abuse scene the same as that, yet eventually repeat one line until we all ended up creating a machine. This form of acting worked well as it showed how the many different aspects of abuse. We decided to do this by walking through the audience and shouting our words to the audience making them feel very uneasy and extremely vulnerable. To enable this technique to have more of an effect, we made the audience sit in small groups of two of three. We placed their chairs randomly at different angles (however all facing the stage to some degree) and this helped create the tension and effect of being alone. We felt this was an important link to our stimulus as the image is relating to loneliness and madness. We used status work to try and create the levels of status that we should portray in each scene. The image represents a delusion of a person who is obviously distressed in some way or another. Therefore during the construction of the scenes, we made every character determine what status they were in comparison to the other characters on the stage at the same time. Although our stimulus provided us with many ideas, we also wanted to incorporate this image with one of the previous stimuli that we had looked at. It was a piece of music which we felt was a representation of poverty as it sounded so sad and depressing. We felt that the image and the music intertwined and linked well with each other, as poverty is present in the music and poverty = loneliness, and loneliness is obviously present in the image.

Nursing Research article critique Effects of nursing rounds

The article Effects of nursing rounds on patients’ call light use, satisfaction and safety as reported by Meade, Bursell, & Ketelsen (2006) examines the possible implications that implementation of regular rounds by nurses might have on patients and nurses. The purpose of the study is to determine the extent to which the frequency of responding to call lights ‘affects patient-care management’ and the possible contribution that frequent nurse presence can make. The independent variables are scheduled one-hour or two-hour rounds as they affect the dependent variables of number and frequency of patient use of call button, patient satisfaction and the safety of patients.The research functions under the hypothesis that scheduled rounds by nursing staff, involving the performance of certain mundane tasks related to patient comfort and concerns, on medical, surgical or medical-surgical wards would have the effect of reducing the rate of use of call lights by patients, of increasing overall patient satisfaction and of improving the safety of patients. The relationship between the dependent and independent variables is thus expected to be positive. This hypothesis directly aligns with the specific purpose of the study.The literature reviewed in this study is quite comprehensive covering material from both classic and modern sources. Materials cited are from primary data sources and the majority fall within five years prior to the research. The concepts examined are rounding, patient satisfaction and call light usage. Table 1 provides a list of activities involved in rounding procedures. The literature review examines prior research exploring the variables under consideration such as the correlation between rounding and patient safety and between rounding and frequency of use of call light. The authors note, however, that specific research exploring the relationship of the nursing rounds on the aforementioned variables is lacking or inadequate. This r esearch presents new knowledge on the correlation between scheduled rounds by nurses only and improved care delivery.The theoretical framework that forms the basis of the research is that ‘improved patient-care management and patient satisfaction and safety are achievable with interventions that nurses can initiate and carry out.’ The research is of a quasi-experimental design which means that the researcher had little influence over the assignment of the hospital units into either of the experimental or control group.Hospitals opted to experiment with either a one-hour or a two-hour round in a medical, surgical or medical-surgical unit plus a control group in a separate unit over a four week period. Some administrators were asked to change a particular choice, however, so as to ensure equitable distribution across groups. Nurses in the experimental groups were trained on the procedures to follow during the rounds. The control group received no intervention but was brie fed on how to record the use of call lights by patients.The sample consists of 46 units in 22 hospitals across 14 states and representing both urban and rural populations. To be eligible hospitals were required to have medical, surgical or medical-surgical units, less than 5% external agency employees and nurse managers capable of overseeing the research. There is no evidence of randomization. Informed consent was through hospital administrators. The sample size is quite small given that there were only about 16 units per subgroup or a little over one per state. The sample size is not thus reasonable or equitable.Call light logs were used to record the room and time as well as to specify which of 26 given reasons, were responsible for patient calls. Patient satisfaction data was obtained from hospital administered surveys and questionnaires. Patient safety was recorded as the number of falls. Where reliability and validity of data was questionable they were not included in the analy sis.Data collection strategies were clearly described except for the questionnaire which the researchers had no control over. Data analysis procedures which include the use of means and t-test comparisons of the times that call lights were used among the groups. Ranking and classification were used to determine the seriousness of the calls made and the most frequent reasons. Paired t tests were used to analyze number of patient falls to determine patient safety.Results reveal that frequent rounds improve patient care as supported by the data showing one-hour rounds having a more significant impact on the other variables. The researchers believe that the findings are ‘generalizable to the majority of U.S. hospitals. This view is questionable given the numerous limitations of the research. Further research into the possible correlation of these variables in different hospital settings, across different units, among diverse populations is necessary. A more longitudinal survey wou ld best reveal generalizability.The sample size of the research was quite small. There was a lack of randomization so hospitals seemed to have chosen the experimental method that was more appealing to them. Researchers had little control over some of the instruments and thus were unable to ensure their reliability or validity. There were also no adequate procedures put in place to ensure nurse compliance in performing rounds and completing logs. Additionally staff may have been rotated between groups and thus brought practices from one into the other.The findings of this research, though not completely generalizable, have significant implications for nursing practice and general health care administration. If further research into the correlation between regular rounds and improved patient safety and satisfaction corresponds to the present findings then administrators will need to consider reorganizing their nursing schedules.The benefits to be gained from having nurses perform rout ine rounds seem to be positive and therefore the implementation of this method could become a mainstay of health institutions. Of course the research suggests that nurses do not have to complete these rounds, that other personnel could be utilized in accomplishing this. However, where constraints of resources are limited, having nurses complete regular rounds could be a very economical option.Meade, Bursell, & Ketelsen (2006) suggest that the consequent impact of these rounds on overall patient satisfaction and safety could have a corresponding positive effect on the number of lawsuits filed against hospitals for negligent practices. More routine monitoring of patients implies that nurses are able to check both serious and non serious matters before they escalate. Particularly with one-hour rotations serious relapses in patients’ health while they are unsupervised would be avoided. It is in the rare case where patients experiencing difficulties are unable to get medical assis tance in a reasonable amount of time. Discomfort could therefore be estimated during these routine visits.This could be a solution administrators use to address nursing shortages, ensuring that patients are adequately monitored. Long-term scheduling of rounds could be done in little time bearing in mind staff allocations. Where necessary other staff may be utilized even alternating rounds with nurses so that the patient is visited by a nurse every two hours.Further nurses would be held more accountable for the patients in their care. Administrators contemplating this method could also consider using logs to record the time of patient visits and the state of the patient during these visits and requiring that nurses complete these logs. Though this suggests more time demands it will mean patients calling on the nurses unnecessarily out of the scheduled round times and nurses having more time in between to attend to critical matters such as patient education. Nursing schools will also have to consider including additional training on round procedures. ReferencesMeade, C. M., Bursell, A. L., & Ketelsen, L. (2006, Sept). Effects of nursing rounds on patients’ call light use, satisfaction and safety. American Journal of Nursing, 106(9), 58-70.

The Significance of Privilege

Privilege and its significance Privilege is a particular advantage or a particular right which is available for a specific group and or a peculiar individual while opposite to this ; the disadvantage means the group who can non bask those benefits or advantages which the particular group is taking as privilege. In other words, we can state that privilege is a kind of favoritism where one is basking some benefit while the other is non eligible to take that benefit ( Kimberly ; 73 ) . Bing a male, I think that we should non wait for such jurisprudence or we must non propose authorities to go through the policies against favoring but the whole community must work on it to extinguish the construct of favoring. We must hold voice for equality in the society. In article, â€Å"Michael M. vs. Superior Court of Sonoma County† , there was contention non around the instance but around the issue. I feel a review against the suspect that why he charged Michael with statutory colza although it seems a physical colza as it was portraying that Michael forced Sharon until she submitted for the sex. I felt that Michael must non be charged with physical colza because Sharon was besides responsible for the whole bad luck. They drank together ; they left group together, their arousal and their intimacy, it all made the state of affairs of bad luck. By reading this I feel two sorts of privileges were given two Sharon, the first is her gender and the second was age. They both were guilty, but as Michael was of 18 and Sharon was 17, so Sharon was privileged because of her age and Michael was punished merely. Sharon must be punished as she encouraged Michael for this onslaught. This instance is a clear illustration that the privilege is a sort of favoritism. While populating in a same community and society, we do non hold right to know apart our determinations on the footing of age or gender. Both Sharon and Michael must penalize every bit because they were every bit responsible for their Acts of the Apostless. It was right determination to bear down him against the statutory colza but the same determination must be taken for the Sharon as she motivated Michael for the sex. In the instance between Mcleskey V. Kemp, the issue was raised that on the footing of the races, black adult male are punished more often as compared to the white one ( Mcleskey ; 1 ) . We have a clear white privileged over the black disadvantaged in the society of USA. This instance can besides back up my sentiment that privilege is favoritism. While populating in a same society, why two people or group of people is been handling otherwise. White privilege is a set of benefits that white can avail in the same economic, political and societal fortunes but the inkinesss can non avail. This set of benefit includes greater societal position, cultural avowals, and freedom to purchase, drama, move, speak and work freely. White privilege is a sort of racism. I do non state that white people deliberately or accidentally do this favoritism or ache the black one, but they are unfamiliar with their white-color privilege. It is wholly at opportunity that single will be treated as a alone human being but taking into histories the race of a victim or suspect while make up one's minding that if punishment of decease should be imposed. Further, Mcleskey is right that in malice of sing race or colour, it is better to see that what quality does those single posses ( Mcleskey ; 8 ) . Two people may belong to same race but their qualities will be different so in order to convey equality in society, it is of import to detect every individual separately non with the race. By his statements we can state that handling two people otherwise with response to his or her race is besides a privilege for one who will be treated as holding good race over the 1 who is non good in the oculus of judge. In another manner, we can state that this is a racial favoritism where 1 is acquiring benefit over the other. This is why, it is my sentiment that privilege is a sort of favoritism. By taking another illustration of instance held between Rostker v. Goldberg, which was on the determination of the U.S Supreme Court keeping that the pattern of necessitating merely work forces to register for the bill of exchange was constitutional. Robert challenged the bill of exchange enrollment policy of U.S.A. and suit against the manager of Selective service system named Bernard Rostker. After the tribunal Sessionss, it announced that it was legal to register merely work forces for the bill of exchange. Then Robert L. Goldberg challenged in the tribunal that the gender differentiation is unconstitutional for this jurisprudence as it is â€Å"only men† . After 6 to 3 determinations, U.S Supreme tribunal announced that neither this is gender favoritism nor this Act violated the equal protection of Torahs. At the terminal tribunal decided that this Act would remain passed as it is. Although the tribunal does non alter its determination but it is a clear gender based determination where merely work forces will be merely at that place to register for the bill of exchange. In article â€Å"Overcoming Racism in Environmental Decision† , Bullard said that there is a large societal job that is economic and racial minorities are forced to digest the economic loads. Bullard claimed that this environmental unfairness violates societal, geographic, and procedural equity.He besides proposed five basicss of environmental justness to authorities that how to rectify the job. Bullard said that in order to extinguish the ailments of sexism and racism from the society, it is of import to take favoritism from top to down. It can be done by sing the jobs and demands of disadvantaged where necessary and with remarking and reconstituting the universe where would see that how to give benefit to the disadvantaged. Through his survey, it seems clearly that he has believed in it that there is favoritism among different races. I am besides in the same sentiment that society trades different races otherwise which is doing a major rise in the societal ailments. In order to take the societal ailments from the society, it is of import to extinguish favoritism. Bullard survey is really important because of his environmental justness model. There should be â€Å"no forfeit zones† but environmental justness for all. In my sentiment, privilege is merely critical for jurisprudence. The privilege is critical if sound lawful exhortation is to be given in every field. It has a profound centrality in practically every circumstance where lawful counsel is looked for whether it is refering corporate and concern minutess, to household connexions, or to civil prosecution condemnable accusals. Family insider facts, organisation privileged penetrations, peculiar defects and injudiciousnesss all must now and once more be uncovered to the lawyer by the client. Without this benefit clients could ne'er be existent and equip all the important informations that must be given to legal counsellors on the off opportunity that they are to lawfully cheer their clients. It is a constituent that is both indispensable and to a great grade paramount to the working of the legitimate model. It is a consequence of the basic essentiality of the benefit that the burden lawfully rests upon those looking to put aside the benefit to legalize doing such a notable pace. Customer lawful privilege ( CLP ) , often alluded to as â€Å" legitimate proficient benefit † , is a typical jurisprudence right that exists to procure the organisation of equity and the right of people and different elements/associations to get secret counsel about their legitimate fortunes. It secures legitimate advocate given by an lawyer to his or her client ( exhortation benefit ) and interchanges associating to genuine or mulled over suit or tribunal minutess ( prosecution benefit ) . The best possible organisation of equity obliges that clients can talk uninhibitedly and evidently with their lawyer, without trepidation of unveiling any informations pertinent to the lawful counsel they are looking for. It is good comprehended that, without the benefit, legitimate incidents may be postponed or even lost as legal advisers will be unable to suitably talk to their client, or convey pertinent affairs to the consideration of the tribunal. Guaranting pragmatism and genuineness in such correspondences is critical, on the evidences that we live in a complex public sentiment and our Torahs and lawful model are on juncture exceptionally muddled. It is in the public oculus ‘s investing that persons ( numbering organisations ) look for legitimate exhortations about their issues and in looking for counsel don’t hesitate to unveil all important certainties. The multilateral quality of these Torahs is coupled with spread outing dependance on ego ordinance by the group, for case the self rating agreement of appraisal.

Access the internal control of Shangri-la company

Access the internal control of Shangri-la company Access the internal control of Shangri-la company Internal control is defined as Systematic measures that been used by accountant and auditor to make sure the goals is achieved, conduct the business in efficient matter, safeguard of asset, to ensure that rules and regulation is being followed, completeness and accuracy of financial record and produce reliable and timely financial and management information. There are a few matters that Shangri-la concerning about of internal control such as: a. Completeness and accurancy of financial record. Shangri-la company use a system to ensure of appropriateness of business operation of the Group consisting of the Company and its subsidiaries. Chief Executive Officer of the company which is Mr Lim Beng Chee should discovered the fact and any decision that may cause a substantial damage, or act in violation of the laws, regulations or the Articles of incorporation and other acts outside the scope of the purpose to ensure that proper operation of subsidiaries is well-managed. In addition it also help to ensure the proper operation of subsidiary companies so that the reliability of financial reports by performing the maintenance, construction of internal control system in accordance with the financial statements, together with ongoing assessment, carried out necessary corrections if there are deficiencies, management shall appropriate the Company and to ensure. b. Ensure that rules and regulation is being followed. Shangri-la company always ensure that their operating business followed the rules. Information Management will make sure that they are following regulation and security guideline about Rules on the handling of personal data, Personal information protection regulation, and Information security policy by proper managing of important document. c. Ensure that the goals of company is achieved.Promote agile decision-making by the executive officers of small and further strengthen executive power. Set up the goals and objective of company so that the employee will understand and help employee achieved the company objectivity. d. The management and operating manager should segregate duties amongst executive officers and employee.The manager should divide the duties and work among their staff to make sure that objective of company is achieved. Shangri-la set up the goals for every department and their staff know their roles and responsibility for the company. e. Safeguard of asset. Shangri-la company established Risk Management Regulation clarify the department responsible for each risk category, endeavor to establish a risk management system. Established a management meeting risk, together with the corresponding consultation on matters relating to risk management, internal control report to the Commission on a regular basis for other conditions.

System and Operation Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

System and Operation Management - Assignment Example This company started with photocopying services and then moved to printing services, which motivate its development until currently. The performance of the selling points has been up to date although with some few setback here and there. This paper highlights the setbacks and provides insights on the areas where the company has shown good performance. It also looks deeply at some of the problems the company is experiencing and provides strategy for making changes in the organization. First, the history of the organization tells much more about the company structure and how it developed from a very low status to become a reckoned organization in the entire Europe region. Introduction History of the Company Atokowa is an organization that deals within the office supply industry within the Australian region. The company sells several items that are used in offices. For instance, the organization deals with selling office furniture, printing and paper. Initially they sold printed fliers, business cards among other office equipments. The company started from a humble background when Lachlan bought his first photocopying Xerox 914 machine in Sydney and started photocopying services in his garage in the year 1964 (Gomez-Mejia, David and Robert 2008). The organization started expanding in through printing and reproducing several copies for different companies. Atokowa tremendously grew in 1970 when Lachlan bought a retail outlet thus expanding his services to include printing services. This enabled him to develop a high reputation in service delivery providing the organization a better environment for growth and development. Additionally, the company gained a good picture when the owner decided to make it as a one point for selling and buying and further coming up with decisions for identifying and setting up new shops in different areas of Europe at large. The organization got its name from the original owner as he felt that this was the right name for it (Kotter, Joh n & Dan 2002). Lachlin wanted to retire early from business activities and let eldest son Jonathan Atokowa run the business in the year 1983 (Gomez-Mejia, David and Robert 2008). It is during this period that Jonathan Atokowa became more focused on technological improvement of the company. He introduced the selling of Commodore 64 together with IBN PC 5100 that was the highest technology during that period. Jonathan has continually followed his father’s footsteps for developing the organization through involving in selling of various technological equipments in its different selling points in the Australia. Regional outlets that sell under Atokowa name are found in areas like Canberra, Adelaide, Newcastle and Brisbane regions. The picture below indicates all retail regions that enjoy services from the organization. Purpose of the report Business operations require that customers get their services to the fullest. This is quite challenging in some cases where the organization has many outlets that serve many customers. The company that applauds best services for its customers has the

Assessment of a Fictional Family Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Assessment of a Fictional Family - Essay Example The child, on the other hand, has his share in influencing the family as well. In the family, when a member, usually a child or adolescent, has a (psychiatric) disorder, this influence is magnified. And for diagnostic purposes, the effect of the family on the child and the child’s effect on the family must be assessed to prepare for optimal treatment, according to Allan M. Josephson, M.D. A comprehensive family assessment is the process of identifying, gathering, and weighing information to understand the significant factors affecting a child’s safety, permanency and well-being, parental protective capacity, and the family’s ability to assure the safety of their children (Johnson et al, 2006, p.1). There are several sequential functions included in family assessment, which are (1) screening and general disposition, which usually takes place during intake; (2) definition of the problem, which may include diagnostic assessments (or quantification of problem severity) that takes place during intake and investigation procedures; (3) planning, selecting, and matching services with identified problems; and (4) monitoring progress and evaluating service outcomes (Hawkins, 1979). In short, the family plays a major role in this context, and the role it will play in the treatment process should be based on a balanced case formulation which can be realized through a complete, systematic, and detailed family assessment. A good family assessment doesn’t only gather information to be able to formulate a well-made treatment plan for the patient, rather it is also relationship building. It involves everyone in the family to take part, exploring goals, values, and strengths to help build mutual trust and respect among them. This relationship can be built when problems arise -- a slice of truth in the saying that problems do create opportunities for a brighter tomorrow. In short, the family assessment identifies areas for intervention and engages the family

Combustion process, whether used for electricity generation or in Essay

Combustion process, whether used for electricity generation or in engines for transport, produce airborne emissions of environmental concern - Essay Example Acid rain is due to the presence in the atmosphere of SO2 and NOx which, after a series of reactions, are deposited as nitric and sulphuric acid in the form of rain. Particulate matter is known to cause serious respiratory diseases. Carbon sequestration is a method that allows the reduction of CO2 by capturing it at its source (e.g. a power plant) and storing it in non-atmospheric reservoirs such as geologic or oceanic reservoirs (Herzog). The Sleipner project is a working example of carbon sequestration technology. Off the coast of Norway in the North Sea, it is in fact the world's first commercial CO2 capture and storage project collecting about one million metric tons of CO2 each year since it was opened in 1996 (Sleipner CO2 project). The term "scrubber" is used to refer to a group of air pollution control devices that aid the removal of fine particles and/or gases (especially acid gases) from industrial exhaust streams. Scrubbers work by either physically removing substances from the exhaust gas stream or by chemically neutralising them so that they cannot do any harm once released into the environment. Wet scrubbing is used to clean gases from pollutants and particulates by putting in contact the exhaust gas stream with the scrubbing solution. The scrubbing solution can simply be water for the removal of dust or a chemical solution which contains reagents that can specifically target certain compounds. Removal efficiency of pollutants is improved by increasing residence time in the scrubber or by the increase of surface area of the scrubber solution. 2.2. Dry scrubbing Dry scrubbing is generally used to remove acid gases, such as SO2, primarily from combustion sources. All dry scrubbing systems consist of two main devices: 1) a device to introduce a solid sorbent material into the gas stream; and 2) a particulate control device to remove reaction products, excess sorbent material, any particulate matter already in the flue gas. 2.3. Seawater scrubbing The natural buffering capacity of seawater can be taken advantage of by using it as a sorbent in a scrubbing system. When SO2 comes into contact with seawater a reaction takes place between the SO2 and the CaCO3 present in the seawater, producing CaSO4 and CO2. This reaction is complete in a very short time, so the equipment required for seawater scrubbing can be compact. 3. NOx 3.1. Primary measures Primary measures can be applied pre-combustion. In Bowin low NOx technology, air and

Edgar Allan Poes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Edgar Allan Poes - Essay Example Both the stories are written using the same technique by Edgar Allan Poe. He has used the narrator as a tool to describe the events in both the stories. This essay would further revolve around the two stories and present the differences and similarities found in both the stories. Edgar Allan Poe has explicably written both the works to show the madness that is prevalent in the world. He uses the technique of a narrative to describe both the stories along with the justice that is served in the ending of both stories (Poe 375). Poe uses the first person experience to narrate both the stories so that the readers can take an insight in the scenes of the horror fiction. Poe gives a detailed explanation of the lives of the two narrators in the stories aforementioned in the beginning so that the readers can grasp the scenes of the story. Both the stories follow the genre of horror and fear as the author shows psychological trauma and fear in the characters that are being played by the narra tors. These themes can be clearly seen in the quote taken from the story ‘The Tell Tale Heart’ which says ‘I cut off the head and the arms and the legs’(Poe 7). ... â€Å"The Tell Tale Heart† and â€Å"The Black Cat† depict the extent to which a human being can go and the narrative serves to explain the reader that the narrators are not as mentally sound as they argues that they are. The mental state of both the narrators can clearly be said to be inappropriate even though they argue that they are sane enough. In both the stories the narrators are the killers and they kill for reasons that are only known to them. It can be seen that both the works have quite a lot of similarities but upon close analysis it can also be seen that the works have a difference. In the ‘The Black Cat’ the narrator kills the cat and his wife unintentionally whereas in â€Å"The Tell Tale† the narrator plans out to kill the old man as he fears his eye. Poe places the factor of anger differently in both the stories as it is seen that the narrator in â€Å"The Black Cat† takes out his anger on a living thing that can possibly not r esist. However in â€Å"The Tell Tale† it is seen that the narrator takes out anger on a person who can resist. It is also seen that the beginning in both the stories is different as in ‘The Tell Tale’ the narrator gives out the ending in the opening paragraphs whereas in ‘The Black Cat’ the narrator gives the whole account at the end of the story. The plot of the stories is shown differently to the readers by Poe to but in the end both the narrators are caught for the crime that they commit. In conclusion it can be said that Poe has written two classical works in the genre of horror to present the insanity of individuals in a different perspective. He has used the object of fear as a tool to describe the scenes in the stories so that the readers