Sociocultural Approaches And The Construction Of Knowledge

â€Å"Sociocultural approaches emphasize the interdependence and individual processes in the construction of knowledge†.(John-Steiner,V and Mahn,H 1996).The real understanding of constructivism is only paying much attention on the learners’ previous experience and background knowledge .It maintains that individuals create or construct their own new understandings or knowledge through the interaction of what they already believe and the ideas,events,and activities with which they come into contact.(Faculty, E. 2012).In this essay,the constructivist approaches are based on the Plaget and the sociocultural approaches are based on the Vygotskian. â€Å"Sociocultural approaches to learning and developing were first systematized and applied by†¦show more content†¦Next,the constructivist approaches are a two-way construction,its construction is the process of interaction between the subject and the object,also known as the â€Å"two-way construction concept†.The constructivist approaches argue that the process of human construction has,on the other hand,produced the generalized physical knowledge is the result of the construction process.Differently,the process of the construction of sociocultural approaches are in the process of consultation and continuation and revision of others,and was constructed under the influence of culture and society at that time.The construction process emphasizes activity practice,cultural intermediary and social source. 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Team Sports Economis Assignment Free Essays

Name: James Sumner Student ID: 33255189 Question: Critically evaluate the approaches and policies to achieve competitive balance in North American Sports and European sports through an examination of competitive balance philosophy and policy in North American and European professional sports organisations. Illustrate your analysis with examples from both the European and North American professional sports leagues. Tutor: John Embery Statement of Authenticity: I confirm that this submission is all my own work. We will write a custom essay sample on Team Sports Economis Assignment or any similar topic only for you Order Now Any quotations are properly referenced using the Harvard referencing method. All errors and omission are my responsibility alone. Word Count: 1744 There is a lot of distinction today between the North American and the European model for sport in order to achieve what each seems to perceive as the right competitive balance. This can be defined as ‘the actual performance of a league to the performance that would have occurred if the league had the maximum degree of competitive balance in the sense that all teams were equal in playing strengths. The less the deviation of actual league performance from that ideal league, the greater is the degree of competitive balance’ (1). This essay will outline what policies and approaches both the American and European sports models have in order to achieve competitive balance by looking at each continents system of competition, the extensive system of team and player restraints in America such as salary caps compared to the relaxed system Europe has and also amateur and professional sports in both models. It is important to note that not all sports adhere to their so called ‘model’. Sports in America such as football, baseball, hockey and basketball are very diversified in terms of rules, scheduling, commercialization etc. The European model is largely based on one sport, football/soccer which we know is not what other sports follow. In North America there is a closed system of competition meaning no promotion or relegation from a league. This means that the same teams compete in the same league every year. From this we can conclude that the North American model supports equality and fairness not competitiveness, which could then be perceived as good for achieving competitive balance in the sense that teams do not have to worry about being relegated to a lower division. This would also mean that teams get to know their counterparts very well which would also add to the competitive balance aspect of sport. However no promotion or relegation may also be deemed as uncompetitive and unbalanced because teams know each year they will still be competing in the same league the season after. This could lead to clubs getting complacent and happy to be in mid-table of their respective leagues as the amount of money all teams earn is astronomical. In NFL the Dallas Cowboys were valued in 2012 at $2. billion (2. ) yet didn’t even finish in the top 6 of their respected league (3). In Europe teams can fluctuate up and down divisions therefore making our sports more based on competitiveness and the will to win which could also be interpreted as competitively balanced or unbalanced. It could achieve higher competitive balance because it allows better teams to move up and play against other better teams but it could also be unbalanced because teams moving up m ay not have the same resources as other teams in that league. For example Barnsley does not have the same amount of resources Manchester United has if they were promoted. An extensive system of team and player restraints in America certainly improves the goal of competitive balance. There is a salary cap on not just players but also clubs as well. Since most leagues compute their caps on the basis of revenues for the preceding season, the cap is actually a fixed sum. In North America the NBA, NFL, NHL and Canadian football league have all installed salary caps (4). For example in 2006 the NFL had a salary cap of approximately $102 million. If a team breaches the league’s salary cap for the season then the fines and penalties incurred are then shared between the rest of the teams in that league (5). These salary caps were put into place to achieve two main objectives: increasing competitive balance and for clubs to be financially stable. To say this has been a success is an understatement as many clubs not just in the NFL but also the NHL and NBA are now worth more than half a billion dollars. Competitive balance is also extremely high as 13 different clubs have won the NFL in the last 21 years compared to that of only 5 in the English Premier League (6). Salary caps have prevented large clubs becoming too dominant in America which is exactly what has occurred in Europe, in Spain there is only Barcelona or Real Madrid, in England there is Manchester United, Manchester City and Chelsea competing for the titles. This is partly due to player’s demands for wage rises and bonuses. Most clubs simply cannot offer a player ? 80,000 per week. To give an example in terms the amount big clubs spend on wages to compared to smaller ones in 2009 Manchester United spent ? 123. 1 million while West Bromwich Albion spent ? 30. 0 million (7). This is the main reason why competitive balance in the EFL has drifted further apart in recent years. The media, other big organisations from different industries and even governments have heavily criticised the way European football clubs are run because of this and also because clubs can then not afford to pay off their debts. There is one sport that is an exception in Europe and that is rugby union. They have imposed salary caps on players since 1999 and it has been largely successful for them as well. No clubs have fallen into financial meltdown since the measure was introduced and players have been happy to comply with the cap (8). As previously outlined there are also lots of player restraints that come with playing sport in America. For example clubs have the power not the players. The players are owned by the league not the clubs and must go as a group/union to the league if an issue arises. The ‘draft’ is a system where players are chosen from the colleges/universities by the clubs. The picking order for this is determined by the clubs previous season’s finish in the league with the clubs occupying the lower league positions getting the first pick. This hugely increases competitive balance as obviously they will pick the best players which in theory would bring the teams closer together in terms of quality for the next season. Therefore before the start of each season each team has just as good a chance of winning the league as the others. With the NFL having 13 different champions in 21 years it shows that that the system works and is a lot more competitive than football in Europe. 9) The policy or approach that ties these team and player restraints together in North America is called ‘the collective bargaining system’. These are largely labour agreements between the league, clubs and players where issues such as minimum and maximum salary caps are agreed. This system has been described as the ‘very essential difference compared with E urope, where the sports industry concept and player unions have been relatively weaker and not equipped with the necessary bargaining powers’ (10). According to Fort there are also 3 other major differences between the American and European models that affect competitive balance. The fans, sports organisations and team objectives are all different. There is evidence to support this assumption as studies have shown that both sets of fans want different things. America does have better policies to keep the competitive balance fair but in terms of the rules of the games the balance is a lot closer in Europe. For example in Europe we have draws in football making the balance higher, Americans have overtime in the NFL until one of the teams score. Also in Europe we have lower scoring games such as 1-0 or 1-1, in America this is considered boring and teams regularly score over 30 points in a game. Therefore some aspects of European sports do have a higher competitive balance than some American sports. There are also major differences between amateur and professional sports. In America there is a sharp distinction between the two levels each with its own integrated structures. Athletes that compete in Amateur sports in America are unpaid whereas quite a lot of amateur players in Europe are. These athletes are also governed by more than one organisation. The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and the Amateur Sports Alliance of North America (ASANA) are just two of these. This is a more horizontal system rather than the vertically integrated system Europe has which means that professionals and amateurs do not compete against each other. This could be seen as a good approach to achieve competitive balance as there are amateur and professional levels for a reason, mainly because the level of skill required in professional sports is a lot higher. Therefore by keeping them separate each athlete knows where they stand. You are either a professional and get paid or you’re an amateur, not a mixture of both like we have in Europe. The pyramid structure of European sports organisations such as UEFA and the FA for example brings together amateur and professional sports into a vertical system governed for the common good by integrated associations and federations. In this vertical system there is not such a sharp distinction between amateur and professional sports. For example Bath City, an amateur team, beat Grimsby Town, a professional team in the 2009 FA Cup first round (12). Therefore the two different levels of sport in Europe can compete against each other. This approach to achieving competitive balance could be seen as both positive and negative in terms of achieving competitive balance. The positive side is the fact that with our promotion and relegation system amateur teams can develop into professional ones. AFC Wimbledon set up after Wimbledon FC was liquidated by the supporters and had amateurs playing. They had five promotions in nine years propelling them into the football league making them a professional club (13). The negative side to having little distinction between the two levels is that big professional teams can play small amateur teams which would not be good in terms of achieving competitive balance as the gap in skill level would be too much for the smaller teams. It has been shown therefore that the North American and European sports models are very different in their policies and approaches to achieving competitive balance. Salary caps for players and limiting the amount sports teams can spend in America has proved positive for achieving competitive balance. Thirteen different champions in 21years proves it has been a success. The closed system and promotion and relegation system both have aspects that bring competitive balance closer but also aspects which take it further away. References/Bibliography 1) Noll 1991 2) Mike Ozanian. (2012). Dallas Cowboys Lead NFL With $2. 1 Billion Valuation. Available: http://www. forbes. com/sites/mikeozanian/2012/09/05/dallas-cowboys-lead-nfl-with-2-1-billion-valuation/. 3) How to cite Team Sports Economis Assignment, Essay examples

Strategic Aims and Objectives for Businesses free essay sample

Setting up strategic alms and objectives Is very helpful for the business, so that they will be able to measure their progress towards their stated goals for d particular business period ot time. Aims indicate where the business wants to be in the future, whereas objectives set a clearly defined target for the business. For Merlin Entertainment business, their aim and objective is to be one of the leading entertainments in the world; just like what others aim to be. This aim can then be broken down into objectives. Their objective is to give the people the good service with a very low cost; to increase sales and at the same time meet the customers satisfaction. In business, a good set of objectives should be SMART: specific the objective must be clearly stated and focused Measurable In order for thee business to see how it is performing against its objectives , it needs to be able to quantify its performance Achievable for an objective to be useful , it needs to be something that the business is in a position to achieve Realistic it is no good or a business to set itself unrealistic goals because it will inevitably fail; this is bad for morale, and worse for share prices Time-related † the objectives must be related to a timescale, otherwise there will be no real Impetus behind the objective and measurements of the performance will be unreliable For Merlin Entertainment, their objective Is specific, being one of the leading entertainments In the world, It Is easy to understand and everyone can tell that they have been successful in achieving it since n the beginning. We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Aims and Objectives for Businesses or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Their objective is also measurable, within the period of time the growth of the number of people going to the Thorpe Park can said to be increasing as the year goes by, even when the year of the recession. There you can tell that it is progressing and is so close to their objective. Objective is achievable, many people already know about It and they enjoy going there. It is not Impossible to achieve their objective to be the worlds leading entertainment since they provide good service and atisfactory. It is also realistic, it is already happening and everyone can tell that they are close in achieving their objectives. Being the best entertainment in the world can be real if they continue to perform good services to the people and they maintain their good reputatiorn And lastly, the objective must be time-related, they should take into consideration that a deadline is also included so to make the objective measurable. That is the reason why the Merlin Entertainment has a clear nderstanding of their objectives to be aware of their roles and responsibilities in achlevlng them.

A Lesson Learned from Failure Essays

A Lesson Learned from Failure Essays A Lesson Learned from Failure Essay A Lesson Learned from Failure Essay Always attracted to journalism, I was lucky enough to find a summer job at a well-respected opposition newspaper in Istanbul. BirGun – the name of this daily publication gained national coverage in 2007 when one of his star journalists (Armenian intellectual Hrant Dink) was assassinated by a Turkish ultra-nationalist. I had access to most Anglophone and francophone newspapers.Every day, I would select and present to my Editor-in-Chief a few interesting Anglophone and Francophone articles and then translate the most pertinent ones for our next edition.I was also very happy and proud when my editor offered to conduct interview and write my own article. Three weeks after the July 2016 failed Coup d’Etat in Turkey, while I was preparing a new article, the office staff noticed that police forces were about to raid our building.Since I was the youngest and newest staff member, the Chief Editor (who has been recently sentenced to 30 years in jail) asked me to leave right away by a back door and tell all persons stopping me that I was not working here but just visiting a relative. When I was about to open the last door and reach the street, I heard police men asking me to stop. Two police officers dressed like â€Å"Men in Black† asked me what I was doing in BirGun’s building.Following the recommendation of my boss, I stayed as calm as possible during the â€Å"interview†. I lied and told them that I was not working at the newspaper but just visiting my cousin who is working in the office. Due to my young appearance, they apparently believed me because they let me exit the sealed building without any more trou ble. My first reaction when I started to freely walk in the street was a profound relief, even maybe a sense joy that I could so easily escape this situation.But, strangely, a deep sadness and a feeling of shame started to overwhelm me. This is when I realized that many of my new friends who were still at the newspape

Averse vs. Adverse

Averse vs. Adverse Averse vs. Adverse Averse vs. Adverse By Sharon It is easy to confuse adverse and averse but their meanings are totally different. Adverse means unfavorable, contrary or hostile, and can never be applied to humans. You often hear it used in the term adverse weather conditions, a phrase which is best avoided in favor of bad weather. Averse means unwilling or disinclined or loath and is always followed by the preposition to. It applies to a person and is used like this: He was averse to discussing the conference. Of course, it would be just as easy to say. He didnt want to discuss the conference. Overuse of both averse and adverse is likely to sound pompous. Its always better to keep it simple. The adjective aversion is much more common. Here are some quotations from the press to help you see those words being used it in context: But in fact, adolescents may be more risk-averse than adults, a new study has found. Their willingness to engage in risky behavior may have less to do with thrill-seeking per se than with a higher tolerance for uncertain consequences, researchers reported Monday. LA Times Many merger agreements contain provisions allowing buyers to withdraw from deals if the value of a transaction has been hurt by a significant development. In the case of the Verizon/Yahoo deal, such a change is defined as one that would â€Å"reasonably be expected to have a material adverse effect on the business, assets, properties, results of operation or financial condition of the Business, taken as a whole.† WSJ Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Redundant Phrases to AvoidThe Letter "Z" Will Be Removed from the English Alphabet1,462 Basic Plot Types

Given the recent ethnic violence in Myanmar, how can ASEAN enhance its Essay

Given the recent ethnic violence in Myanmar, how can ASEAN enhance its cooperation with a view to avoiding or mediating ethnic tensions in its member states in the future - Essay Example This study attempts to take an in depth analysis of this issues so as to explain the root causes of such conflicts, reviews the policies available and generate the possible alternative policies which can address this issue. The prevailing policies do not address the issues of how the member governments of ASEAN should resolve or avoid conflicts within their states (MacQueen, 2012). The Burmese government has tried to curb these conflicts by coming up with â€Å"seven steps road map† but this has proved not to work since the ethnic clashes are still ongoing (Lall, 2009). The Myanmar’s government needs to come up with alternative policies which will enhance cohesion among the member communities. Some of these alternatives include steps like encouraging dialogue among all the stake holders in the Burma state. It may also involve power sharing among the ethnic communities, enhancing democracy and justice to all with absolute fairness. This can be achieved through a genuine devolved system of governance that enhances autonomy to all the ethnic communities in Myanmar (Bray, 1992) I recommend the policy of establishing a devolved government. Burma has been in the military rule for over two decades. All the ethnic communities need to feel included and accepted in the government, they need to feel part of the policy makers and patriotic in the way they relate among each other at a national level. These ethnic groups need an assurance that their autonomy and identity will be upheld by supporting the government rather than opposing it (Brown, 1999). Myanmar has just recovered from the military rule that has been in control for over two decades (Lall, 2009). The new president Thein Sein will help the country to grow economically at a great pace. However, the ethnic conflicts are posing a serious challenge to the nation’s economic growth (Smith, 1994). The most recent is where the government forces conflicted with

Training for Excellence at Wegman's Food Markets Essay

Training for Excellence at Wegman's Food Markets - Essay Example It has consistently appeared in Fortune’s list of 100 Best Companies to Work for, since Fortune started compiling it. The question now is how Wegmans can improve its training system better, so that it does not only measure store sales, but also evaluate changes in employee reaction, learning, and behaviour, as well as changes in results that pertain to customer satisfaction and customer loyalty. Problem Statements Challenge 1: The inclusion of new measures in assessing training effectiveness: â€Å"Wegmans measures the success of its training based on whether a store’s sales are growing.† Challenge 2: Changing the training process to include approaches that will be effective in influencing the new measures of training effectiveness: â€Å"Wegmans uses a blended approach to training, combining classroom sessions with on-the-job learning.† Challenge 3: Understanding the connection between employee satisfaction and delivery of services that result to customer satisfaction and customer loyalty, because customer satisfaction and customer loyalty can also impact organisational succcess: â€Å"This vision of training assumes that people who understand what they are selling and who care about customers will naturally be able to sell by providing value to the customers...† Solutions Solution 1: It would be useful for Wegmans to expand the results it measures. At present, it only measures training effectiveness through store sales. In order to remain competitive, it must have a human resource (HR) strategy that fits its organisational strategy, and it can do so by doing its training differently from other supermarket chains and competitors (i.e. substitutes that do not directly compete with Wegmans, such as farmers that directly sell their goods at residential subdivisions). A different kind of training will need a different set of measures, so that the training process can improve the connection between positive reaction and learning t o behavioural changes, and results. In Ibrahim’s 2004 study on training effectiveness for 94 trainees, findings showed that the training program resulted to positive reactions and improvement in trainee’s knowledge and skills. This study has not established a direct link between positive reactions and employee and organisational performance, but it does suggest a potential relationship between training reaction and knowledge and skills development. Giangreco, Sebastiano, and Peccei (2009) suggest the importance of training reaction to training usefulness. Thus, it will also be fruitful for Wegmans to measure training reaction and learning, aside from its usual focus on the effect of training on store sales, so that it can enhance its training effectiveness. Solution 2: Changing the training process to include approaches that will be effective in influencing new measures of training effectiveness can also improve training strategy at Wegmans. At present, â€Å"Wegmans uses a blended approach to training, combining classroom sessions with on-the-job learning.† This means that Wegmans predominantly uses apprenticeship training. In order to identity additional training methods, it is important to conduct training needs analysis for both shop-level employees and management. The two main ways that can be used to analyse training needs are task analysis and performance analysis. Task analysis will focus on the kind and frequency of tasks performed, as well as where and how they can best be learned. Performance analysis will be conducted